第127期::活動報導

自己的世界自己創造課程—Charlotte’s Web《夏綠蒂的網》名句導讀

天真世界名著

引動純潔心靈
探索趨辟過程
面對死亡態度

  《夏綠蒂的網》Charlotte’s Web是美國作家埃爾溫‧布魯克斯‧懷特Elwyn Brooks White(一八九九年七月十一日|一九八五年十月一日)的作品,《夏綠蒂的網》在一九五二年出版,翌年便獲得美國圖書館協會的紐伯瑞兒童文學獎書目銀獎,除得獎外,《夏綠蒂的網》一直都在暢銷書排行榜上,是兒童讀物中前一百的常勝軍。據二○○六年發佈的消息,其銷量已達四千五百萬冊並被譯成二十三種語言之多,可見其為兒童文學經典之作。
  作者懷特作品無數,文采斐然,自一九二七便是《紐約客》The New Yorker雜誌的撰稿人長達六十年之久,從一九三八年到一九四三年,他還是《哈潑雜誌》Harper’s Magazine的專欄作家。一九五九年,懷特補編他Cornell大學老師William Strunk Jr. 在一九一八年出版、英文編輯必讀的寫作指南《文體要素》The Elements of Style。
  在一九三○年代後期,懷特為侄女轉向兒童小說寫作,他作的幾本兒童讀物都非常暢銷,他的第一本兒童讀物《小鼠斯圖爾特·利特爾》Stuart Little於一九四五年出版,受到熱烈歡迎,一九五二年出《夏洛特的網》,兩本書獲得高度讚譽,一九七○年出版《天鵝小號》The Trumpet of the Swan。

故事摘要
  約翰‧阿爾伯家的母豬共生了十一隻仔豬,但母豬只能餵養十隻,最矮小的仔豬可能會沒辦法養活,約翰決定把他殺了,約翰的女兒芬兒求父親把小豬留下作寵物,她叫牠韋柏。 
  小豬韋柏生活態度積極,長太大被賣給芬兒的叔叔霍莫的農場後,總是可以感染周圍的人和動物,但韋柏還是感到寂寞。後來,一個很溫柔的聲音說願意和他做朋友。第二天,韋柏起床見他的新朋友——灰蜘蛛夏綠蒂。剛開始農場裡的動物對夏綠蒂很反感,覺得她很噁心,但韋柏不認同,覺得她很漂亮,相處後兩人成了好友。
  當老綿羊告訴韋柏,聖誕節時他會變成耶誕大餐,韋柏很害怕向夏綠蒂求助,夏綠蒂承諾會救他,想到的辦法就是在她的網上編出讚揚韋柏很出色、很與眾不同的字來,比如說韋柏是「SOME PIG了不得的豬」、「TERRIFIC棒棒」、「RADIANT閃動」、「HUMBLE謙恭」,因為如果她能讓韋柏出名,韋柏就不會被殺了。多虧了夏綠蒂的幫忙,韋柏在鄉村大會上得了獎。 
  但在她生命的盡頭,在大會間夏綠蒂如世間母親般,為韋柏使盡了力氣編出「HUMBLE謙恭」的字網後,才用她最後的生命來產卵吐絲包卵,完成她當媽媽延續下一代的使命。最後,夏綠蒂在韋柏大會得獎後不久就死了。為了報答她,韋柏把夏綠蒂死前所產的卵帶回了家,並在農場中對卵進行孵育,雖然多數孵出的蜘蛛都到外頭去開創自己的新生,但Joy、Aranea和Nellie這三隻依舊留在農場裡,並和韋柏成為好朋友,世代不變。
  作者懷特以平實、低調的文字撰寫,被認為是兒童文學的經典之作,無論成人還是兒童都喜歡。在農場中用繩鞦韆進行搖擺的經歷的描述是寫作節奏中經常被引用的例子,因為句子的速度反映了鞦韆的運動。二○○○年,《出版商周刊》將該書列為有史以來最暢銷的兒童平裝本。一九七三、二○○三、二○○六年改編成動畫長片、真人電影版發行。

主要教育概念
真正的朋友、友誼的概念
  選擇一個真正的朋友,與外表無關,漂亮與醜是主觀,穀倉中的其他動物據說夏綠蒂醜陋而對她反感,但夏綠蒂成了韋柏最好和忠實的朋友。

 “Well,” he thought, “I’ve got a new friend, all right. But what a gamble friendship is! Charlotte is fierce, brutal, scheming, bloodthirsty--everything I don’t like. How can I learn to like her, even though she is pretty and, of course, clever?
  Wilbur was merely suffering the doubts and fears that often go with finding a new friend. In good time he was to discover that he was mistaken about Charlotte. Underneath her rather bold and cruel exterior, she had a kind heart, and she was to prove loyal and true to the very end.
Wilbur never forgot Charlotte.…… She was in a class by herself. It is not often that someone comes along who is a true friend and a good writer. Charlotte was both.

死亡的概念
  死亡是整個夏洛特網絡中的一個主要主題,而蜘蛛夏洛特的網絡則帶來了死亡,夏綠蒂的蜘蛛網分隔生死兩個世界的屏障。通過小說中蜘蛛不斷殺死和吃掉蒼蠅,懷特使小豬韋柏和讀者的死亡觀念變得正常。小豬韋柏和老鼠鄧普頓都沒有將死亡視為生命的一部分。鄧普頓只將其視為遙不可及的將來會發生的事情,而威爾伯則將其視為一切的終結。蜘蛛夏綠蒂去世,導出「即使面對死亡,生命仍在繼續,終極的善勝利」。懷特討論死亡的一些現實,從小說中,讀者了解到死亡可能延遲,但無法永遠避免。

  Charlotte stood quietly over the fly, preparing to eat it. Wilbur lay down and closed his eyes.
  Charlotte died. The Fair Grounds were soon deserted. The sheds and buildings were empty and forlorn. The infield was littered with bottles and trash. Nobody, of the hundreds of people that has visited the Fair, knew that a grey spider had played the most important part of all. No one was with her when she died.

改變的必然與超越
  變化是無法避免,小說中季節的變化,角色也經歷了自己的變化。喬丹·安妮·德弗羅(Jordan Anne Deveraux)還解釋說,整個小說中,小豬韋柏和芬兒都經歷了從童年到成年的轉變。韋柏成為夏綠蒂孩子的看護人,就像夏綠蒂看守韋柏一樣,角色的改變超越改變的界限,韋柏以不同的方式切換經歷變化。

  Wilbur had already decided how he would carry the egg sac--there was only one way possible. He carefully took the little bundle in his mouth and held it there on top of his tongue. He remembered what Charlotte had told him--that the sac was waterproof and strong.……he looked up at Charlotte and gave her a wink. She knew he was saying good-bye in the only way he could. And she knew her children were safe.
…Although he loved her children and grandchildren dearly, none of the new spiders ever quite took her place in his heart.

年輕純真與成長
  小說中的小女孩芬兒從小就成長、韋柏年輕而天真。在芬兒和韋柏的純真與青年成長之間進行比較。起初,韋柏和芬兒都因為意識到生命必須終結而感到震驚。然而,在小說的結尾,兩個角色都學會接受一切都必須消亡,小說提出了成年人的世界觀與兒童的世界觀的差異。

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